What Are the Causes of Low Sperm Count?

If you and your partner are trying to have a baby, you might be wondering about fertility and what can affect it. One important factor is sperm count. A low sperm count can make it harder to conceive, but understanding the causes can help you take steps to improve it. In this article, we’ll explore what causes low sperm count and what you can do about it.

What Is Low Sperm Count?

A low sperm count means that the fluid (semen) you ejaculate during an orgasm contains fewer sperm than normal. Specifically, it means having fewer than 15 million sperm per milliliter of semen. While it only takes one sperm to fertilize an egg, having fewer sperm reduces the chances of this happening.

Medical Causes of Low Sperm Count

Several medical conditions can lead to a low sperm count:

1. Varicocele: This is a swelling of the veins that drain the testicle. It’s a common cause of infertility in men because it affects sperm production.
   

   Dr. Alan Greene, a urologist, explains, “Varicoceles raise the temperature in the testicles, which can impair sperm formation and function.”

2. Infections: Some infections can interfere with sperm production or block the passage of sperm. These include sexually transmitted infections like chlamydia and gonorrhea.
3. Hormonal Imbalances: The hormones responsible for making sperm come from the brain and the testicles. Any imbalance in these hormones can reduce sperm count.
4. Undescended Testicles: In some men, one or both testicles fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum during fetal development, leading to fertility issues later in life.
5. Antibodies That Attack Sperm: Some men’s bodies produce antibodies that mistakenly identify sperm as harmful invaders and try to eliminate them.

Environmental Causes

Your surroundings can also impact your sperm count:

1. Exposure to Chemicals: Pesticides, herbicides, and industrial chemicals can lower sperm production.
2. Heavy Metal Exposure: Contact with lead or other heavy metals can cause infertility.
3. Radiation or X-rays: High doses can reduce sperm production. Sometimes, it can take years for sperm production to return to normal.
4. Overheating the Testicles: Frequent use of saunas or hot tubs can temporarily lower sperm count. Tight clothing and prolonged sitting can also raise scrotal temperature.
   

   “Even placing a laptop directly on your lap can increase testicular temperature,” notes Dr. Emily Foster, a reproductive endocrinologist.

Lifestyle Factors

Certain habits and lifestyles can contribute to a low sperm count:

1. Alcohol Use: Drinking alcohol can lower testosterone levels and decrease sperm production.
2. Tobacco Smoking: Smoking cigarettes reduces sperm count and can affect sperm motility.
3. Illicit Drug Use: Drugs like marijuana and cocaine can lower the number and quality of your sperm.
   

   Dr. Michael Lawson, a fertility specialist, says, “Substances like anabolic steroids can shrink the testicles and reduce sperm production.”

4. Stress: Prolonged stress can interfere with hormone levels needed to produce sperm.
5. Weight: Being overweight or obese can impact hormone levels and reduce fertility.

Health and Medications

Other health issues and medications can affect sperm count:

1. Certain Medications: Drugs used to treat infections, high blood pressure, depression, and cancer can impair sperm production.
2. Previous Surgeries: Operations like vasectomy, hernia repairs, or surgeries involving the testicles or prostate can block the flow of sperm.
3. Chronic Illnesses: Diseases like diabetes, cystic fibrosis, and some autoimmune disorders can affect fertility.

Age and Sperm Count

While men can produce sperm throughout their lives, sperm quality and count tend to decrease after age 40. Older men may also have sperm with more DNA mutations.

What Can You Do?

If you’re concerned about a low sperm count, there are steps you can take:

1. Consult a Doctor: A medical evaluation can identify any underlying issues that might be affecting your sperm count.
2. Healthy Lifestyle Choices:
   • Quit Smoking: Stopping smoking can improve sperm count and quality.
   • Limit Alcohol: Reducing alcohol intake can boost testosterone levels.
   • Avoid Drugs: Stay away from illicit drugs and discuss any medications with your doctor.
   • Manage Stress: Techniques like meditation or exercise can help reduce stress.
   • Maintain a Healthy Weight: Eating a balanced diet and exercising can improve hormone levels.
3. Protect Against Infections: Practice safe sex to avoid sexually transmitted infections that can affect fertility.
4. Stay Cool: Avoid activities that raise the temperature of your testicles. Wear loose-fitting underwear and take breaks if you sit for long periods.
   

   Dr. Foster advises, “Simple changes like switching to boxers and taking regular breaks from sitting can make a difference.”

When to Seek Help

If you’ve been trying to conceive for a year or more without success, it might be time to see a fertility specialist. They can perform tests to determine if a low sperm count is the issue and recommend treatments.

Conclusion

A low sperm count can be caused by various factors, from medical conditions to lifestyle choices. The good news is that many of these factors are manageable or treatable. By understanding the causes and taking proactive steps, you can improve your fertility and increase your chances of starting a family.

Remember, you’re not alone, and help is available. If you have concerns about your sperm count or fertility, don’t hesitate to reach out to a healthcare professional.